The Effects Of Stress On Physical Health - 1655 Words

Stress is an ongoing dilemma that is prevalent in everyone’s life. Stress is a factor that is undoubtedly a part of dealing with an expeditious and busy lifestyle, which occurs when confronted with everyday trivial problems. Each individual copes and distinguishes with stress in a variety of different ways. Correspondingly, there are several causes and effects of stress that affects an individual’s physical and emotional wellbeing. Thus, it is imperative to acknowledge and manage these stressors in maintaining good physical health. This essay will discuss: (1) the impacts of stress on physical health; (2) how to identify the associated symptoms of stress; (3) and strategies that may assist in effectively coping with stress and its aftermath. Foremost, stress is defined as â€Å"a term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging† (Ciccarelli, 2016). Though stress is a universally known term, it can signify different things to several different individuals. For instance, although minor levels of stress are known as acute stressors associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena in the brain – short-term problems like: tension, headaches, rapid breathing, anxiety, anger etc, is usually not viewed as bodily threats (Ademola, 2005). Chronic stressors which inhibits physical health; triggering the body’s hormones; provoking the central nervous system, respiratory and cardiovascular systems,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress On Physical Health1694 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological stress is pressure placed on a person to adapt, cope, or adjust to a situation (Rathus, 2016, p.284). The result of prolonged stress ca n affect a person’s mood, pleasure experience, and have harmful effects on physical health (Rathus, 2016, p.284). Society in the twenty first century places high demands on people. Technology makes it very difficult to separate work life, school life, and home life. Today, society places a high value on a busy lifestyle for individuals. For exampleRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Your Physical Health1212 Words   |  5 Pageshave all experienced stress at some point in our lives. It could be the deadline that is running closer and the boss that will not get off your case. It could be the double booked appointments or the loved one you just lost. It could also be that terrible car accident that happened ten years ago or being in the car while your daughter is driving for the first time. Stress is experienced when we feel there is no positive way out of our situation. We feel trapped or hopeless. Stress is also defined asRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Our Mental And Physi cal Health926 Words   |  4 Pageswe learned in class, stress is any force that changes the body’s natural state, known as homeostasis. Stress does not always have to be viewed as a bad thing. For example, stress can motivate someone to study for an exam or plan ahead in his or her agenda to stay organized. Its only when stress manifest out of control and is not addressed properly that it can have very negative effects on both our mental and physical health. Reflecting on the document we watched in class, Stress: Portrait of a KillerRead MoreThe Effect Of Stress On Mental And Physical Health1584 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to develop techniques to manage stress, you must first understand what contributes to stress. Stress is the body’s reaction to your environment that impacts the balance of your physical or mental being. Stress is the same for the body whether considered positive or negative. It elicits the same body responses for emotion and motivation wheth er it is from competitive sports or a near miss on the freeway. Emotion and motivation are the two fundamental components of affect. They guideRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Mental And Physical Health Of A Person1129 Words   |  5 PagesStress impacts the mental and physical health of a person in many ways. Prolonged or frequent exposure to stress can be detrimental to a person s health. It is important to get counseling for stress management before it becomes chronic or life threatening. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is study of the ways the immune and nervous systems interact with each other and impact mental and emotional health. PNI research suggests that chronic stress can cause mood disorders such as depression and anxietyRead More The Effects of Occupational Stress on Physical Health and its Consequences2501 Words   |  11 Pagesjob, stress will always play a role in an individual’s life. Regardless of whether one is a waitress, a teacher, a corrections officer, or a doctor, avoiding stress in the workplace is nearly impossible, perhaps even impossible. And the effects of stress in the workplace are numerous. Stress can have both psychological and physical effects on the members of the workforce. And while the specific effect may differ from one individual to the next, and in particular the effect on physical health willRead MoreHow Stress Affects Physical Health1288 Words   |  6 Pagesrelieve stress physically amp; How Stress Affects Physical Hea lth People are increasingly facing more stress since the Human-Being society became developed and complicated, by ignoring the physical influence to our body, Human’s health suffered considerably from stress. Many people was suggested to solve the stress problem by using psychological approaches, however, the research in recent decades has identified a significant awareness gap between the benefits of physical activities and stress reliefRead MoreThe Effects of Poverty on Children Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages When analyzing children growing up in poverty a lot of factors come into play such as their physical, psychological and emotional development. To grow up in poverty can have long term effect on a child. What should be emphasized in analyzing the effects of poverty on children is how it has caused many children around the world to suffer from physical disorders, malnutrition, and even diminishes their capacities to function in society. Poverty has played a major role in the functioning of familiesRead MoreStress And Its Effect On The Body1322 Words   |  6 PagesStress and its Role in the Body People have very different ideas with respect to their definition of stress. Probably the most common is, â€Å"physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension†. Another popular definition of stress is, â€Å"a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize.† (stress.org). Most use stress as a negative condition that causes people to breakdown and become frustrated. This isRead MoreTeen Stress Effects1119 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience stress daily, and the types of stress experienced can vary based on age. Teenage students can experience a lot of stress when it comes to school, work, and coming of age. With schools providing more opportunities to take advanced classes, students have an increase in the amount of stress and pressure placed on them. Students begin to show negative symptoms such as depression, anxiety and mood swings. Stress has many effects on teenagers i ncluding their physical, emotional and mental health. Stress

Analysis Of The Poem Phillis Wheatley - 1037 Words

Chandler Helmers Mr. Campbell English 3 Honors 10/12/14 An Analysis on the work of Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley is a Gambian born African American poet. She was bought off of the slave trade by the Wheatley family from Boston. Her love of writing was influenced by the reassurance of the Wheatley family who taught her how to read and write. The family encouraged her poetry and helped develop her literature skills. Phillis is known for becoming the first published African American poet. Many see her as the first writer to develop a genre of African American literature. Through an analysis of Wheatley’s work we can see how her influential work tends to carry themes from the point of view of American colonists. Her work also contains a general critique of slavery and descriptions of her attitudes towards the circumstances forced upon the enslaved. One of Wheatley’s better known pieces of poetry is â€Å"On being brought from Africa to America.† While it is a short poem a lot of information can be taken away from it. She begin the poem with establishing her experience with slavery as a beneficial thing to her life. She makes this clear by telling the reader that slavery brought her to Christianity, an important piece of her life. One reason the subject of Christianity is prevalent in the poem is because as an African American poet not many subjects were â€Å"safe† to write about without receiving criticism or even punishment. Christianity, however, was one of the more acceptedShow MoreRelatedLiterature Analysis Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Analysis Noah Serna Western Governors University Humanities C100 January 15, 2016 Personal Observations of the Work The work of literature that I chose to do my initial observations on is a poem written by Phillis Wheatley, called â€Å"To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing his Works.† This poem was written during the enlightenment period. I particularly chose this poem because I always had an interest in reading about AfricanRead MorePoetry Analysis : America By Phillis Wheatley1079 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry Analysis: America by Phillis Wheatley Born in Senegal around 1753, Phillis Wheatley became an important American poetic figure. At the age of 8, she was kidnapped and brought to Boston on a slave ship and upon her arrival to Boston, she was quickly sold to John Wheatley (Bio). Under her new family, Phillis adopted the master’s last name, taken under the wife’s wing, and showed her deep intelligence. Even though suffering from poor health, Phillis’s intelligence did not go unnoticed; she receivedRead More Wheatley’s Poem On Being Brought from Africa to America Essays1892 Words   |  8 PagesWheatley’s poem, â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America† is part of a set of works that Henry Louis Gates Jr. recognized as a historically significant literary contribution for black Americans and black women (Baym et al. 752). Addressed to the Christians who participated in the slave trade, the poem is meant to reveal the inconsistencies between their actions and the Christian Ideal . Whether perceived as a work of sincerity or a work of irony, the poem conveys the message that an individual’sRead MorePhyllis Wheatley : The Iconic Cornerstone Of Equality1126 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Woo 2 March 2016 Phyllis Wheatley: The Iconic Cornerstone of Equality Phyllis Wheatley was one of the most iconic figures in the American Revolution on the side of the colonists because she was the first black female to be published in America. This was very important because it was a kickstart in generating authentic American culture and a lot of it. Phyllis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought over to be sold in the slave trade. She was purchased by John Wheatley and unlike other slave ownersRead More The Political, Feminist, and Religious view of Frances E.W. Harper, Phllis Wheatley, and Alice Dunbar-Nelson2661 Words   |  11 PagesThe Political, Feminist, and Religious view of Frances E.W. Harper, Phllis Wheatley, and Alice Dunbar-Nelson Phillis Wheatley, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, and Francis E. W. Harper were all groundbreaking and poignant authors whose works have remained influential throughout time. Feminism, politics, and religion are three aspects evident in their personal lives an d literature. Wheatley was considered a feminist icon because she was the first published African American female poet. However, her writingRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Slavery Period A Number Of African Slaves By Harriet Beecher Stowe1798 Words   |  8 PagesAgustin Gamez Instructor: Nancy R. Williams Course: American Literature Date: 10/14/2015 Literary Analysis Essay # 2 During the slavery period a number of African slaves wrote stories, and poems about their daily hardships that they had to withhold by being a slave and everything else that happen throughout their life’s. Not many Black writers had the resources or support from their owners to publish what they wrote or anyone to care about what they wrote, lucky slaves did reach success when theyRead MoreSearch Of Our Mother s Garden By Alice Walker1368 Words   |  6 Pagesblack poet, who notices the toll of this assault. He describes seeing these women, but observing that a part of them was missing and stolen from them because of the physical and sexual abuse they experienced. Walker also introduces a slave named Phillis Wheatley, another incredible black poet, who passes due to the toll of slavery that ultimately consumes her body. She also notes a quilt like no other made by an unidentified black woman from Alabama, hung up in the Smithsonian. Furthermore, the authorRead MoreComparative Analysis Of African Americ Annotated Bibliography878 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of African American: An Annotated Bibliography Angelou, Maya. â€Å"Africa†. The Norton Introduction to Literature 11th ed. New York: 2013 print Norton Mays, Kelly Wheatley, Phillis. â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America† The Norton Introduction to Literature. 11th ed. Ed. Spencer Richardson-Jones. New York: Norton, 2013 The main point of this poem is Maya Angelou talking about her homeland, Africa. The narrator starts to describe the land of Africa by using Angelou’s bodyRead More Alice Walker Essay662 Words   |  3 Pagesidentify their artistic ability, whether if it was through singing, writing or making quilts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the essay, â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens,†Alice Walker’s mentions her foremothers. Women like Jean Toomer, Phillis Wheatley and Zora Neale Hurtson, who were all either poets or writers. Mike Fike has also recognized this tactic of Walkers by stating, â€Å"Walker engages in a wholistic act of completion by seeking connections with literary foremothers†(Fike 3). Walker

Teens and Plastic Surgery Free Essays

Should teens get plastic surgery? Unlike adults who undergo plastic surgery to turn back the clock, some teenagers crave plastic surgery just to fit in. Many reports suggest that plastic surgery is now topping teen wish lists. This raises the question of whether teens are mature enough to be making a decision that poses risks and that will permanently change their appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Teens and Plastic Surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now The definition of plastic surgery is surgery to remodel, repair, or restore body parts, especially by the transfer of tissue (â€Å"Cosmetic surgery,† 2007). The most common surgical procedures performed on teens eighteen years and younger are otoplasty (ear surgery), rhinoplasty, breast reduction, and gynecomastia. Otoplasty was the most popular surgical procedures in 2010 (ASAPS, 2012, para. 4). Ear surgery is usually recommended for children age five or six, but can be done as young as four years old. Correcting the ears prior to the child beginning school helps eliminate psychological trauma from teasing. Rhinoplasty is a nose reshaping procedure. The procedure can be done when the nose has completed ninety percent of its growth, which occurs as early as age thirteen to fourteen in girls and fifteen to sixteen in boys (ASAPS, 2012, para. 5). Breast reduction is performed on females with overly large breasts that may cause back and shoulder pain. It can also restrict physical activity. Gynecomastia is excessive breast development in boys. Excess tissue is removed from the breast to make for a more masculine body. This condition may disappear at the end of puberty. Surgery usually becomes an option if gynecomastia has been present for more than two years or if the problem is severe. According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) it can become a big psychological problem for teenage boys. According to the Consumer Guide to Plastic Surgery, there are plastic surgery procedures that teens should avoid. Teens should avoid breast enhancements, liposuction, cheek implants and botox. When it comes to breast enhancements, only saline-filled breast implants are used in teens. By law, in the United States a teen has to be at least eighteen years old to get breast implants, and this is because the breast may still be developing. There are some exceptions to this rule; such as if a teen is born with a congenital defect, there is trauma, or a disease that may require breast reconstruction. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved silicone-filled breast implants only for women twenty-two years or older, but it can be used for breast reconstruction in women of all ages† (Mann, 2012, para. 9). Liposuction is not recommended for teens. Some teens may lose baby fat as they mature. Spot reduction is a liposuction procedure that is commonly used in teens. It removes fat pockets from specific areas of the body. This is an option when a teen has tried diet and exercise without success. â€Å"Liposuction should never be used to treat obesity in teens, or be considered a substitute for diet and exercise (Mann, 2012, para. 10). Cheek implants may not work well to make a teen’s appearance better because facial features can still be developing. Botox is only approved for people at least eighteen years old, yet a mom on a reality show â€Å"Toddler’s and Tiara’s† that recently made headlines, takes her eight year old daughter who is in beauty pageants for regular botox injections and takes her waxing as well. There are several things that the parents, teens, and even the doctors need to consider before deciding on plastic surgery. The first thing that all parties should consider is who desires the plastic surgery. It should be one hundred percent the teen’s choice. It should not be parents, friends, or boyfriends and girlfriends. â€Å"Teens who are encouraged to have surgeries by families and friends when they are not interested are poor candidates for plastic surgery,† says Malcolm D. Paul, MD, president-elect of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and a plastic surgeon (WebMD, 2004, p. 2 para. 2). Parents need to consider if their child is serious about the surgery. If they are inconsistent and change from wanting their ears done one day and their nose done the next, they are not a good candidate for plastic surgery. Parents also have to make sure that the teen has realist expectations. Some teens may think a new nose or bigger breasts will change their life. They may think it will make them more popular or open the door to more social outlets. â€Å"While the correct procedure in the correct teen may bring about positive changes in self-esteem, teen plastic surgery does not guarantee a fairy tale ending† (Mann, 2012, para 8). Doctors usually do a more extensive evaluation on teens wanting plastic surgery than they would a mature adult coming in for the same procedure. Most board-certified plastic surgeons will spend a lot of time interviewing teens to make sure they are mature enough to handle surgery. Plastic surgeons will rule out teens who have psychological problems, such as a teen with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). People with this disorder believe they are unusually ugly. BDD should not be treated by having plastic surgery. It needs to be treated by a mental health professional. â€Å"The ASPS does not recommend cosmetic surgery for teens that are prone to mood swings or erratic behavior, who abuse drugs and/or alcohol, or who are being treated for a mental illness† (Markowitz, 2010, para. ). There are some unconscionable plastic surgeons who may capitalize on a teenager who is obsessed with their appearance. They may also capitalize on those whose parents are set on having â€Å"the perfect child. † There are plenty of statistics out on the subject of teens and plastic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Su rgeons (ASPS) there were nearly 219,000 cosmetic procedures performed on people age thirteen to nineteen years of age in 2010. In 2010, there were 4,153 breast augmentation procedures on women eighteen and under, which accounts for 1. percent of the total number of breast augmentation procedures in the United States (ASAPS, 2012, para. 5). According to Diana Zuckerman, Ph. D. research indicates that breast augmentation patients are four times more likely to commit suicide than other plastic surgery patients (Markowitz, 2012, para. 5). This raises questions about the mental health of women who want implants. There are no laws in the United States governing the minimum age for cosmetic procedures. The only real law pertaining to teens and plastic surgery is that the U. S. Food and Drug Administration does not approve cosmetic saline implants for women under eighteen (Markowitz, 2012, para. 2). In the United Kingdom, a teen has to be at least sixteen years of age for any breast augmentations or related surgery. There are negative factors to consider when it comes to teens having plastic surgery. As with any surgical procedure, the cost is very expensive. Most insurances do not cover cosmetic procedures. There are plenty of risks and complications involved as well. For example, a 17 year old Florida teen died after having breast surgery. Doctors said the cause of her death was malignant hyperthermia, which is a rare metabolic condition that can be triggered by certain anesthesia. It raises a patient’s heart rate and metabolism, causing the body temperature to rise as high as 112 degrees. Some believe she was too young to handle the anesthesia (Rose, 2008, para. 3). There are some negative psychological effects as well. Some teens are chasing a false perception, and end up not being happy with the end result. Some believe teens will become addicted to plastic surgery, and think of it as a quick fix. There are some psychological benefits as well. Teens gain self-esteem and confidence when their physical problems are corrected. Many teens welcome the changes because it can mean being in a less bullied state, which can lead to normal life. Fixing these conditions can alleviate teasing and bullying. Another benefit to plastic surgery is that it fixes deformities and body parts, making them functional. A common deformity that plastic surgeons fix is cleft palates. A cleft palate is a certain facial deformity that prevents a child from using the mouth properly. This can affect their ability to eat, drink, and talk. Sometimes a plastic surgeon can repair this deformity to improve the child’s appearance as well as the functionality of the affected body part. I am about 95 percent against children and teens having plastic surgery. I only agree with it if it is for the purpose of restoring the function of body parts. Teen’s bodies are not fully developed at that age, and most likely their bodies will change for the better. I also don’t believe teens are mature enough to be making a decision that poses risks and that will change their appearance forever. References Cosmetic Surgery. (2007). Thefreedictionary. com. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Cosmetic+Surgery Markowitz, Andrea. (2010, June 1). Too young for cosmetic surgery?. Retrieved from http://www. southflorida. com/specialsection/teenlinks/sns-health-young-cosmetic-surgery,0,7776311. story American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. (2012). Teens and plastic surgery. Retrieved from http://www. surgery. org/media/news-releases/teens-and-plastic-surgery American Society of Plastic Surgeons. (2011). Plastic surgery for teenagers briefing paper. Retrieved from http://www. plasticsurgery. org/news-and-resources/briefing-papers/plastic-surgery-for-teenagers. html Rose. (March 28, 2008). Florida teen dies after breast surgery. Retrieved from http://www. zimbio. com/Stephanie+Kuleba/articles/4/Florida+Teen+Dies+After+Breast+Surgery WebMD. (2004). Is plastic surgery a teen thing? Retrieved from http://www. webmd. om/healthy-beauty/features/is-plastic-surgery-teen-thing Mann Denise. (2012) Teen plastic surgery: special report. Retrieved from http://www. yourplasticsurgeryguide. com/trends/teen-plastic-surgery. htm How to cite Teens and Plastic Surgery, Papers

Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay Example For Students

Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay Shakespeares Macbeth is a story taken from Scottish history and presented to the Scottish king James I. Shakespeare took this gory tale of murderous ambition, however, and transformed it into an imaginative tale of good and evil. Shakespeare brought about this transformation by relying upon imaginative verbal vigor that imbeds itself in the brilliantly concentrated phrases of this literary work. Critics have dubbed it his darkest work, along with King Lear. In his critique of Shakespeares works and plays, Charles Haines describes Macbeth as one of Shakespeares shortest plays, containing just 2,108 lines. He further states that it is a vigorous, headlong drama, a relentless spectacle in red and black. (Haines, p. 105) This red and black spectacle reveals itself to the reader and audience through the use of blood imagery. Blood, or the imagery attached to it, appears 42 times in this play. This imagery of blood begins as a representation of honor and progresses into one of evil, then guilt, and finally returns to represent honor. The symbolic use of blood roots in the opening lines of Macbeth when Macbeth accepts honor for his bravery in battle. Duncan sees the injured captain and says, What blood is that? (Act I, Scene 2 line.1) The captain says that Macbeths sword smoked with bloody execution. (Act I, Scene 1, line. 20) Here the captain describes Macbeths sword that is dripping with warm enemy blood and steaming in the cold morning air of the battlefield. The blood on the sword signifies valiant fighting by a brave soldier. At this point, King Duncan glorifies Macbeth. The bloody sword gives birth to this reverence. In his unique style of presentation, Shakespeares two references to blood allude to the honor that Macbeth earns in battle for his king. This was the highest of honors for a soldier. At this point, he becomes brave Macbeth. King Duncan rewards his bravery and victory by giving him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Ironically, this title was available because the previous Thane of Cawdor experienced execution for treason. Therefore, the first bloodshed earned Macbeth respect and a title. (123helpme.com, PG 1)After this advantageous victory, Macbeth listens to the three witches as they make predictions of the immediate future. Macbeth and his lady then set forth a chain of events to bring about the predictions of these three weird sisters. Shakespeares use of blood imagery then begins a rapid descent to reach the point where blood warns of deep evil, treachery, and murder. The use of blood imagery also allows the audience to imagine the true gruesomeness of King Duncans murder. In Act II of Macbeth, the soliloquy describes how Macbeth plans to murder the king. He describes in detail what he will see. I see thee still, and on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, which was not so before. (Act II, Scene 5. Line1) The dudgeon of a dagger is the hilt of the dagger (123helpme.com, pg. 1) Therefore; Macbeth is describing a sharp dagger, covered in thick blood from its tip to the hilt. One can easily visualize the crime scene and the victims body after such a dagger has been plunged into it several times. These deep wounds, the length of said dagger, become the points from which King Duncans lifeblood will spill. This particular description relies on its imagery to reveal the transition from honor to that of pure evil and treachery. No good intent, honor, or victory can attach to such a vile act. Blood imagery now intensifies an atmosphere that is thoroughly evil. It exposes the evil plans and actions that have come to dominate the characters of Macbeth and his lady. Lady Macbeth asks the spirits to make thick my blood. .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 , .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .postImageUrl , .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 , .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:hover , .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:visited , .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:active { border:0!important; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:active , .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7 .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6d9c97e7474585c3becf41c85cd26b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teenage alcoholism Essay (Act I, Scene 5, line. 50) She is asking the spirits to leave her remorseless and insensitive about the murders she and Macbeth will soon commit. To feel insensitive to such treachery would expose a heart of pure evil. Both she and Macbeth reach this lowest depth at different times during Shakespeares short play. Macbeths character becomes more treacherous as ambition drives him further and further away from the honorable character portrayed in the beginning lines.

Stage directions are still short Essay Example For Students

Stage directions are still short Essay From the beginning of scene ten, the stage directions immediately raise tension by saying a few hours later that night. Blanche has been drinking fairly steadily. This puts across that she is under pressure and may be upset about something. When it continues to say, she DRAGS her wardrobe into the centre of the bedroom this suggests that she is worn out. General phrases in the S. D slightly hint that Blanche may be mad like, hysterical exhilaration and also murmuring excitedly. From just reading this first stage direction or just the quotes I have stated here, you can tell that Blanche is going slightly mad. We will write a custom essay on Stage directions are still short specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They also create tension which makes you want to continue with the story. In the next stage direction you can clearly see that Blanche is nervous by saying, tremblingly she lifts the hand mirror. It creates tension by implying that her movements may be slow. When it talks of Stanley appearing it says he has had a few drinks on the way this suggests that his actions towards her may be rough. It then moves on to saying he has brought some quart beer bottles home with him. Which raises tension slightly. In the next stage direction on page 109 it says, lurid reflections appear on the walls around Blanche. By saying around her it puts across the fact that only she can see them, she may be in a state of confusion and dizziness. The word lurid creates a state of tension. Its moves on to say they are of a grotesque and menacing form. The context of these words especially grotesque seems to build up tension, not only in the story but also inside her. The next main stage directions on pages 110 and 111 hold a lot of tension which is built up whilst you read on. Its starts off in Howard Bates, 10Q the second sentence saying the night is filled with inhuman voices like cries in a jungle. Once again this seems to state that Blanche is imagining things. The shadows are continued followed by flames, which is sometimes associated with nervousness. The next stage direction is rather misleading, it says the bathroom door is thrown open, this makes you think that he is going to attack Blanche but it continues with and Stanley comes out in the brilliant silk pyjamas. On page 111 the stage direction creates tension by saying that Stanley is staring at her, he may have something planned it raises suspicion when his glare is followed on by a grin. The lines spoken by Blanche and Stanley are short, this implies that Blanche isnt comfortable in the situation she is in. Tension is increased when it states that the music goes softly. The silence has filled the room creating more tension then the inhuman voices start again; this clearly seems to make Blanche nervous in her situation. Stanley is in her way of the doorway and she is hearing things again. Short but simple stage directions are carried on in the next page continuously raise tension. The speeches between the stage directions are still short. She then smashes a bottle and holds the end as self-protection. the last stage direction puts a crisp end to the scene, making it fairly clear that she gets raped but doesnt say it straight to your face. The music at the end creates the last bit of tension, this is stopped abruptly with the end of the scene. Tension here, is built up cleverly throughout the scene. Making you want to read on, music is added to increase the tension. the scene is bought to a sharp end with Stanley having the last word before he rapes her.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Social Security Disability

Rheumatoid Arthritis Social Security Disability Nearly A Third of Workers with Rheumatoid Arthritis Stop Working Five Years After Diagnosis According to a study, approximately one-third of people who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis were forced to quit their jobs within five years of being diagnosed.Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects nearly 1.3 million Americans. Symptoms of the disease include joint stiffness and swollen joints and severe pain. Rheumatoid arthritis can also affect other areas of the body, and may cause impaired vision, lung inflammation, organ damage and low red blood cell counts.The painful symptoms of the disease and negative side effects of medication can make it incredibly difficult to focus, complete everyday tasks and be productive at work. Unfortunately, this is why many who are diagnosed and want to continue to work can no longer do so because the pain is extreme.1 in 5 people who are diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis stop working after two years of being diagnosed1 in 3 people who are diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis stop working after five years of being di agnosedIf you are diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, you may be eligible for Social Security Disability benefits. In order to qualify, you must have medical evidence documenting your condition. It should be expected to last for at least a year, and your symptoms must prevent you from working at your current job. After reviewing your condition, Disability Determination Services must also decide you cannot perform any other type of work.The application process can be overwhelming, and one mistake could result in your application being denied. You must present evidence that your condition is debilitating, including complete medical records, full contact information of all physicians, a complete work record and more. Having a skilled disability lawyer on your side from the beginning can help you with the entire process and increases the chances your application will be approved.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for a free co nfidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan  works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the  Social Security Disability benefits  they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  now for a free consultation at  800-949-2900Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Detroit disability attorney, disability lawyer, Michigan Disability Attorney, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Social Security Disability

Stryker Marinas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stryker Marinas - Essay Example This is an important consideration which reflects the total costs involved in the ownership and all the operations of the yacht business. Costs involve several factors including the cost of buying new yachts from builders which takes up to 70% of the total business expenses, wages, rents, utilities, depreciation of products, and other miscellaneous expenses. Other costs will involve introducing new features and products in the yacht business and in retaining our clientele. We treat the concept of communications in a broader focus beyond simple promotion activities. Communication takes many forms including print and electronic advertising, viral advertising, public relations, and all other forms of communication between the company and both potential and existing clients (Schulz, Tannenbaum, & Lauterborn, 1993). We never underrate the importance of person to person or word of mouth communication as a promotional tool. The company will also maintain a significant presence in yachting magazines and boat shows. Basically, convenience deals with making the process of finding and purchasing yachts as well as searching for information about yachts easy and less cumbersome. This involves having several models and brands readily available to give customers different options to assist them make the best decisions. With the increased use of the internet in marketing, maintaining an online presence as well as having physical stores in lucrative locations such as Hong Kong will bring the business closer to the

RESEARCH ISSUES IN HUMAN RSCOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay

RESEARCH ISSUES IN HUMAN RSCOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example For example, interpersonal hostility may have deleterious effects on both the job satisfaction and well-being of victims (Mikkelsen and Einarsen, 2001; Tepper 2000; Ashforth 1997; Einarsen and Raknes 1997). What is more, interpersonal hostility may also lead to high costs for organisations, in the form of increased absenteeism and higher turnover of personnel, decreased commitment and productivity, and negative publicity (Hoel, Einarsen and Cooper 2003; Tepper 2000). For society as a whole, this may lead to lower productivity, early retirements and increased health costs. As a consequence, many nations have adopted or are planning to adopt laws promoting dignity at work or banning different forms of work harassment. Workplace violence and bullying has been identified as a vital concern by trade unions in Britain and in many countries for several years now. As it is, many reports have vividly demonstrated the pain, psychological distress, physical illness and career damage suffered by victims of bullying, however, academic research began only recently. The most developed research comes from Scandinavia (Vartia 1996; Niedl 1996), where there is strong public awareness; government funded research, and established anti-bullying legislation. Bullying presents significant methodological problems for researchers. A crucial difficulty is that of definition as no clear agreement exists on what constitutes adult bullying. Although physical bullying is seldom reported, the workplace presents opportunities for a wide range of menacing schemes and devices. Five classifications of bullying behaviour have been provided (Rayner & Hoel 1997) -- threat to professional status (belittling opinion, public professional humiliation, accusation of lack of effort); threat to personal standing (name calling, insults, teasing); isolation (preventing access to opportunities such as training, withholding information); overwork (undue pressure to produce work, impossible deadlines, unnecessary disruptions); and destabilisation (failure to give credit when due, meaningless tasks, removal of responsibility, shifting of goal posts). There have been three main approaches to research into workplace bullying. The first has been qualitative and individualistic in perspective, identifying a role for the individual in terms of vulnerability to bullying or a propensity to bully (Crawford 1997; Lockhart 1997; Randall 1997) and explaining the dynamics of bully-victim relationships. The second approach is descriptive and epidemiological and is usually based on self report. These studies document the prevalence of workplace bullying, the types experienced, age and sex differences, who is told, what action is taken, etc. The third approach is influenced by theories and constructs in organisational psychology and has focused on the interaction between the individual and the organisation and how aspects of the organisational structure and climate of the workplace may encourage the development of a bullying culture (Rayner 1997). For researchers who

What this country (US),state or school needs more than anything else Essay

What this country (US),state or school needs more than anything else - Essay Example The gravest threat our country is facing lies to the turning point of extremism and technology. Our rivals have candidly acknowledged that they are in a quest for weapons of mass demolition, and evidence shows that they are doing so with fortitude. The United States will not let these efforts be successful. We will assemble our defenses in opposition to ballistic missiles and other ways of delivery. We will work together with other nations to refute, contain, and restrain our enemies’ hard work to acquire treacherous technologies. We will also augment our self-defense; our country will act using all ways against all forms of intimidation in time before they are wholly formed. We should be ready to crush all our enemies’ plans; we will use the best astuteness and proceed with consideration. If we will not do our best, history will criticize those who saw this approaching danger but failed to take action. In the new globe we inhabit, the only course to peace and defense i s the path prompt action. The unfolding upheaval over the Islamic Republic of Iran’s nuclear aspirations, and the subsequent steps presented to the United States in dealing with this dispute is a debate that has taken a long period of time to conclude. With the exception of Iraq, no other disaster today so bedevils American policy makers, for a long period this case has provided the international community with irrefutable proof that the Iranian regime is pursuing a massive, multi-faceted endeavor, and in spite of United Nations censure (Kerr 37). In and of itself, the possibility of the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism acquiring the world’s most dangerous technology will be deeply troubling. These weapons, if manufactured can lead to both the mass destruction of property and loss of lives. Among the solutions to this issue are; military action that is deeply problematic. The use of force on Iran’s nuclear

Concepts of Family Health

Concepts of Family Health Dwayne Potenteau The purpose of this paper is to discuss a specific family member’s meaning of health, influences and holistic assessments using family health concepts. The understanding will be presented within the framework of the CAEN Decision making model, a discussion on the person’s health experience, and focusing on the concepts related to family health within the context of the client. CAEN Decision Making Model The framework used for this paper is the CAEN (Collaboration for Academic Education in Nursing) Decision making model. This model allowed me to focus and develop a process for understanding the client. The process I used was divided into 3 main points, client centered, coming to know the client, and salience/pattern recognition/health issues (CAEN, 2012). To understand my client, I incorporated a client centered approach. Focusing on client centered health, allows me to have a deeper grasp of the client’s lived experience and context. Making the family the expert not only gave them control, but improved my ability to understand their perspective (CAEN, 2012). Coming to know the client is a way to improve knowledge and understanding a family’s persona meaning of health (CAEN, 2012). I used client storytelling, conversation, and observation to obtain knowledge (CAEN, 2012). Focusing my attention and being aware of any observations allowed me to grasp and understand the clients lived experience. The information gathered led to knowledge in saliency, patterns recognition, and health issues. Saliency and pattern recognition knowledge are dependent on the Carper’s ways of knowing, plus the addition of sociopolitical knowing (CAEN, 2012). Doane and Varco note that the ways of knowing are used to inform our practice, others, and context (Doane Varcoe, p.94, 2005). Salience refers to the intentional way in which we choose or make decisions that are important, critical and relevant to the client. I achieved this through questions, dialogue, and reflective practice with the family. Pattern recognition deals with the ability to connect this information. To interpret patterns, I used the ways of knowing, analysis, deductive and inductive reasoning during the meeting with the family(CAEN, 2012). Health Issues are components that involve the client and nurse to identify and understand health related challenges (CAEN, 2012). During conversation, I was able to interpret and respond with questions to reveal the family’s resources, strengths, goals, and context. Individual’s Health Experience In understanding the lived experience, I used the aforementioned coming to know techniques to understand the client’s physical characteristics, context, social support and experience with the medical system. Physical Characteristics: The client for this paper is a middle aged Caucasian male, 63 years of age, has a wife who is 47 years old, and two sons, 16 and 18 respectively. In our conversations the father exposed information regarding his physical health. The father informed me that although he does not exercise regularly, he believes in the benefits of frequent exercise. In addition to the aforementioned exercise, the father expressed his concerns over consuming too much alcohol. He stated that he does consume alcohol daily, and during social events, he tends to over drink. Context: The father addressed economic concerns, and acknowledged that money is an indicator of health. This year in particular had been harder financially that previous years, and he commented on the stress he felt due to the financial constraints. One of his part time jobs was on the ski hill, and this year the delay in opening had reduced the household income. The family consists of a wife, and two teenage sons. Being an older father, he is aware of his energy levels, and having to raise two boys. Social Support: Another facet of health he commented on was the social aspect. The client has a large social group, and thus felt that friends were a big impact on health. He often works with friends at events to help out the community and enjoy the social aspects of volunteering. Experience with Medical system: Another component to his understanding of health was his experiences with the medical system. In particular, the client has a history connected with mental illness. His grandfather and father were both committed and passed away in institutions. The experience gave him an understanding of how the medical system treated patients with a mental illness. His experiences have changed his perception of people with a mental illness. He states that he is more compassionate and understanding due to his experience. The father also acknowledged the importance of nurses as they were the caregivers of his father and grandfather. Not only were the father’s experiences shaping his understanding of health, his growth and development also contributed to his overall meaning of health. Growth and Development Physical Development: The client is a middle aged adult, age 63. His weight was within normal range for his height. I measured his vitals, with a blood pressure, 110/75, pulse rate of 70 beats per minute and 16 respirations a minute. All of the values are within the normal range for the client. Performing the visual and hearing test resulted with normal values. The father was also aware of his sexuality, and was open to discussing his eating, elimination, and sleep patterns. The normal ranges observed in the vitals and general assessment gave him an understanding on the importance of maintaining a healthy body. Psychosocial Development: The client was accepting of his aging, and was comfortable with his physical and emotional capacities. The client did discuss some concerns about being a middle aged adult with two teenage boys. He was a little stressed on how their lives would turn out. According to Soroor and Faxlollah, the widening generation gap in social trends and technology has led to decreased effective communication between parents and their children (soroor Faxlollah, 2009). The father acknowledges this and expressed his concerns over his reduced role and lack of control over technology in the household. Family Health Concept To understand family health we can break the words into family and health. Family can be defined as two or more people bound together assuming responsibilities (Kozier et al, 2012). Health can be described by the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, definition). The concept of family health is that if you improve a family, you improve a community (Stamler Yui, 2012). Some of the barriers that face the client’s family are the romanticized and stigmatized perceptions of family(Doane Varcoe, 2005). The influence of media on what a family should be can lead to system behavioral changes. To have a clearer understanding of context and influences we look at the health of a family by using family assessment models. I have chosen the Friedman Family Assessment model to guide me in understanding the individual’s strengths and problems within the family. Friedman’s model uses a systematic process for future planning, intervention, and evaluation (Stamler Yu, 2012, p.271). I must also address that there are numerous frameworks to choose from and due to constraints on paper size, I have selected only to use one framework. While Friedman’s family assessment contains 6 categories, I will be focusing on family structure, and family function. For this paper we will address the impact of health indicators, and health perspectives within the context of the family. Health indicators that influence the family are health behaviors such as not smoking, regular physical activity, and moderate drinking, but I will be focusing on income and education levels. Since the client did not work a large portion of the winter part time job, the wife had to take on the role of working more hours. The impact of indicators such as income potential and living costs have led the family to limit spending, and recover from previous bankruptcy. Education is another indicator that affects the family. The father did not graduate and expressed his displeasure and guilt. He stated that he often feels inadequate when conversation about academics is brought up. He feels that although education is important, he feels helpless in trying to promote education and keep an emotional connection with his sons. Health Perspectives: The family structure is assessed by observing the communication patterns, power structure, role structure, and family values (Stamler Yiu, 2012). The communication pattern I observed was usually initiated by the father. He seemed to initiate the dialogue, and the other members of the family joined in when appropriate. The father stated he is assertive, and opinionated, but acknowledge s other contrasting views. I noticed that the mother often disagreed with the father. This sharing of contrasting opinions may come from the father’s way of growing up, as men were the dominant money makers in the family. The wife in this family would be considered the money maker, and thus may contribute to the power struggle within this family. The wife is away from the homestead often, due to the nature of her work. The separation between husband and wife has also led to further disagreement and potential insecurities felt by the father. According to De Mol, Buysee and Cook, interdependence l eads to influence either directly or indirectly (De Mol, buysee, Cook, 2010). The roles of nurturing figure, decision maker, problem solver and provider have created possible conflict. De Mol states that family members need to feel wanted or appreciated by other family members (De Mol et al, 2010). The family function is assessed by observation, family affectiveness, socialization, and healthcare. Stanhope and Lancaster stress the importance of family relationships and health care as the most important aspects of family function (Stanhome Lancaster, 2008). The largest observation was the family’s affection and caring for each other. I noticed support, and communication between all the members of the family. Soroor and Fazlollah note in their study that parents should have good communication (Soroor Fazlollah, 2009). The impact has been good communication between the father and the rest of the family. Being sensitive to each member’s needs has allowed an open forum for communication. This has led to the family better handle crisis situations, such as financial problems and seek the assistance of friends and extended family. Learning Experience This experience has increased my awareness of the importance in using the CAEN decision making model and frameworks to help guide my process of assessment. The frameworks assist in focusing my assessment observations and questions. In addition to the frameworks, the use of the relational lenses is an important tool, allowing me to hone in on aspects of an individual or family’s health. The process of coming to know also allows me to understand that my beliefs and perceptions should be acknowledged, but put away when relating to the individual/family. These tools not only assist in understanding, but focus the attention to the client. Haggerty notes the need to understanding the patient’s perspective in order to allow for greater accountability, primary care, and knowledge (Haggerty, Fortin, Beaulieu, Hudon, Loignon, Preville, Roberge, 2010). These tools allow me as a future nurse to identify strengths and weakness and capacity of the individual or family. This knowledg e informs me to develop health promotion interventions, and promote optimal health. References Collaboration for Academic Education (CAEN). (2012). Part Three: Learning and Teaching in the curriculum. Author. CAEN De Mol.J., Buysee. A., Cook, W. (2010) a family assessment based on Social Relations Model. Journal of Family Therapy(32). 259 279 Hartrick Doane, G., Varcoe, C. (2005). Family nursing as relational inquiry: Developing health-promoting practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Haggerty, J., Fortin, M., Beaulieu, M., Hudon, C., Loignon, C., Preville, M., Roberge, D. (2010). At the interface of community and healthcare systems: a longitudinal cohort study on evolving health and the impact of primary healthcare from the patient’s perspective. BMC Health Services Research. (10). 1 10 Kozier, B.,Erg, G., Berman, A., Snyder, S., Buck, M., You, L. (2012). Fundamentals of Canadian Nursng Concepts, Process, and Practice (3rd Canadian ed.). Don Mills. On: Pearson . 15 Stanhope, M., Lancaster, J. (2008). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier Stamler, L, Yu, L. (2012). Community health nursing; A canadian perspective (3rd ed). Toronto. On: Pearson Soroor, P. Faxlollah, A. (2009). A qualitative study on adolescence, health and family. Mental health in Family Medicine(6). 163 – 172

In Favor of Drug Legalization :: Illegal Drugs Narcotics

The legalization of drugs has been an enormous issue in politics for an extremely long time. Many people believe that the legalization of drugs will allow the government to gain more control and therefore reducing crime on the streets. Another issue in this matter is that the government will be able to profit money off the drugs and be able to control prices and what age you will have to be to be able to buy the drug. On the issue of less crime, with the government controlling drugs there will be fewer drug dealers on the streets, as there is no need for them. The ban on underage people using drugs will lessen the crimes by minors and by students in our schools. With the government regulating the drug, they can readily control how much is sold and how much is appropriate for consumption by the buyer. In addition, the government could profit off the legalization of drugs. If the government were to legalize drugs, then they could choose the prices of the drugs and how much or if they want to place a tax on them. With the government doing this, people would be paying higher prices than what they currently pay from a dealer. This would, in turn, reduce the demand for the drug due to the high prices. The money that the government makes off the taxing and the pricing of the drugs could go to health care or to another good cause that support the citizens. However, it seems we will never see the legalization of drugs. Many people go out and do things just because the authoritative figures say you shouldn't do them. In other words, certain people merely break the law not to experience the drug, but to be a rebel. The legalization of drugs would most likely cause the use of drugs to decline.

Rationalism vs. Irrationalism Essay

Jane Evans was spending a week at the Crown Point Ward girls camp. She and her friends were laughing and enjoying the crisp night air. They giggled and talked of crushes on boys and gossiped all night about the notorious girls at school. But the fun stopped when a rat bit one of the girls. Screaming, squirming and frightened, they worried and stayed awake for the remainder of the night. Unable to sleep, they decided to go indoors, to avoid another possiable attack. A rationalist would argue that this is a ridiculous reaction to a rat bite, however as a person with an irrational perspective, I plead the contrary and throughtout this essay, will demonstrate why. Through a rationalistic perspecive we observe the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I will prove that: 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence can be created materially. Before going into detail on irrationalism I wish to explore the rationalistic perspective. The rationalist tends to believe in the existence of truths that could not be discovered through the senses alone, the world cannot be ascertained simply by experiencing the content of our minds. Advocates of some varieties of rationalism argued that, starting with basic principles, like the realm of geometry, one could deductively derive the rest of all possible knowledge. (Markie 1) The philosophers who held this view most clearly were Spinoza and Leibniz, whose attempts to understand the epistemological and metaphysical problems raised by Descartes led to the development of rationalism. Both Spinoza and Leibniz asserted that, ideally, all knowledge (including scientific knowledge) could be gained through the use of reason alone, though they both observed that this was not possible in practice, except in specific areas such as mathematics. Which is perhaps why they depended on geometry and logic (a linguistic geometry) so significantly. To Brentano, a rationalist, the mind is active, not passive as the British empiricists, and French sensationalists had believed. Rationalists  alleged the mind as active and the emotions as passive. The rationalist belief in a more active mind meant that the mind acts on information from the senses and gives it meaning it would otherwise not have. (225) They argued that the mind added something to sensory data rather than just passively organizing and storing it into memory. Leibniz emphasized that nothing material (such as the activation of a sense receptor) could ever cause an idea that is nonmaterial. (169) The rationalists emphasized the importance of innate structures, principals, or concepts and stated that because nothing material could come from anything nonmaterial that certain ideas must be innate. Having introduced rationalism I find it only appropriate that irrationalism should have a breif introduction of its history. Irrationalism was a philosophical movement which started as a cultural reaction against positivism in the early 20th century. The perspective of irrationalism opposed or de-emphasized the importance of the rationality of human beings. Part of the movements involved claims that science was inferior to intuition. Rationalism, I find, is void of certain accuracy. The rationalist’s first assumption that truths can only be arrived at by such processes as logical deduction, analysis, argument, and intuition, is false. I wish to emphasize the notion that logical deduction, analysis, argument, and intuition are not to be brushed off lightly and given little importance. On the contrary they are in fact valuable, however only if they are employed with an emphasis on the irrational view of emotion. The rationalists assume that emotions are not necessary and truths can be reached by reason alone. This is false. Although the girls in the beginning of the story experienced an emotional rat fright, they were able to use their logical reasoning and their emotional drive to come to a solution. Is it not through your emotions that you are moved to action? Without emotions the rationalists would not have come up with any logical theory in the first place! They would have had no drive to come up with another theory, no passion. I cannot imagine every rationalist unenthused in his work. Through personal experience I have come to understand the importance of emotion. There have been occasions in my life that I over-rationalized. Reluctantly I’ll admit that perhaps it happens on more than just occasions, it is a constant burden to me and hinders my current and future relationships. My ex-boyfriend and I would get into an argument, as couples often do, and I would analyze the situation in my mind to attempt to come to a conclusion of how we achieved this particular position. How did I approach it; how did he? Was I overly critical and picky? Why did I respond in that way? Was it a past hurt? Could it be from my childhood when my favorite Hamster Gus-Gus died, and I felt personally hurt by God? What about him, did he have the same amount of childhood damage as me; another hamster trauma perhaps? At this point I had analyzed the situation to such an extent that I couldn’t even remember what the argument was about in the first place. It was then that I realized that I needed to become an irrational being: irrational in the worlds respect anyway. I became an emotional person and therefore respectively irrational. This is often rejected in our society; emotions are largely frowned upon. A professor once mentioned the need for me to think less and feel more, and I decided that I should do just that; feel. My second criticism of the rationalists is the notion that no material thing can cause a nonmaterial idea. Leibniz invites us to imagine a machine or human being capable of thinking (of having ideas). Then he asks us to imagine increasing the size of that machine to the point where we could enter it and look around. According to Leibniz, our exploration would yield only interacting, physical parts. Nothing we would see, whether examining the machine or a human being, could possibly explain the origin of an idea. (169) Because ideas cannot be created by anything physical like the brain; they must be innate. Through study of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines, we see that innate ideas are infact nonexistent. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, research in AI is concerned with producing machines  to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. (Artificial Intelligence 2) Examples of such intelligent behavior include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting, speech, and facial recognition. The idea of producing an artificial sentient being is not new, infact it is an ancient idea and is featured in numerous myths, the Golem, the Greek promethean myth, mechanical men in Chrà ©tien de Troyes, and the creature in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein being examples. In science fiction, artificial conscious beings often take the form of robots or artificial intelligences. Artificial consciousness is an interesting philosophical problem because, with increased understanding of genetics, neuroscience and information processing, it is possible to create a conscious entity. The myths of writers and philosophers are no longer myths. In order to avoid ambiguity and confusion I will define the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† based on the literal meanings of â€Å"artificial† and â€Å"intelligence†. According to Websters dictionary the term artificial refers to something which is not natural, often implying that it was created or manufactured by humans and intelligence is the capacitiy to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. (Websters 3). Throughout the past decade there has been a debate between strong AI and weak AI philosophers which tackles the question, ‘can a man-made artifact be conscious?’ This question involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem. In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware. (Markie 1) The term strong AI was originally coined by John Searle, who writes: â€Å"according to strong AI, the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind.† Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic  consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games. Through the rationalistic perspecive we observed the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I proved that: 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence indeed can be created materially through Artificial Intelligence. Works Cited 1) Markie, Peter. Rationalism vs. Empiricism. 13 Aug. 2004. 12 Aug. 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism 2) â€Å"Artificial intelligence.† Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 12 Aug. 2006 . 3) â€Å"Artificial.† Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2006. 12 Aug. 2006. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/artificial 4) Hergenhahn, B. R. An Introduction to the History to Psychology Belmont, CA: Transcendental Printing, 2005.

Masters Dissertation Brief Overview

Masters Dissertation Brief Overview As compared to other graduate requirements writing a dissertation or thesis does not have any clearly defined limits, which generally means its content and scope are up to you. If you work systematically and really enjoy the topic, the results will be outstanding. What Is a Masters Dissertation A Masters dissertation is traditionally the final project a graduate student must undertake to complete requirements for earning a Masters degree. A formal document to be submitted to one’s professor, advisor or academic instructor, this kind of dissertation requires thorough research and following a rigid set of guidelines established by the academic institution that the student is attending.  As each academic program varies, so will each student’s topic, the research, and the style of Masters Dissertations vary. Since the main purpose of a  graduate school for a student is to become proficient in a given topic or subject, the Masters Dissertation has the student completing original research and projects that, by the time he has earned his Masters degree, will have made him a sort of an expert in the given field. DISSERTATION WRITING Completing one involves the student setting research objectives; it takes finding, organizing and analyzing pertinent primary and secondary data, as well as scholarly, credible literature written on the subject, while devising an appropriate research methodology and drawing on published literature on the field which the student is exploring; and, ultimately, using this information to draw his own conclusions. Writing a Masters Dissertation While a doctoral dissertation (see dissertation) requires a student to conduct research and contribute something new and undiscovered in one’s field, the Masters Dissertation has the Masters degree candidate performing research on a specific subject to demonstrate his in-depth knowledge and understanding of a certain subject. Usually, this subject is not broad, but the product of a concentrated effort with a specific, narrowed focus on an issue, or era, subject, topic or person, etc. The students can best understand the Masters Dissertation as an extensive research paper that is meant to incorporate all they have learned and mastered throughout their experience in the Masters program. It instructs the students to use the research of scholars on a subject to provide their own analysis on and discoveries of a topic, demonstrating to the instructor their vast assortment of intellectual, academic and real-world skills as well as their knowledge in organizing and conducting a thoroughly written and researched academic paper. Generally, to be a success and be accepted by the professor, a paper of this sort needs to have very specific components. Its chapters should consist of an introduction, a literature review, justification of the informative data incorporated into paper for analysis, research methodology, an analysis of the data and, lastly, a conclusive section drawing it all together.  Ultimately, a dissertation of this genre aims to bind together all the aforementioned elements to closely examine the bigger picture at hand; it has one seeking answers and their explanations  while finding comparisons to other notions and arriving at generalizations that could potentially be used to extend a theory. The Masters Dissertation Aims for the Student to: 1. Implement theories, concepts, and notions that one has learned while attending the program 2. Demonstrate one’s independent investigation of topic he/she has decided to study in depth 3. Blend previously understood and accepted theories and suggest alternatives to them 4. Prove the ability to define, design, produce and complete an academically rigorous research project 5. Understand and demonstrate the knowledge of the relationships between the theoretical concepts taught in the Masters-level course and their real-world applications 6. Demonstrate evidence of the critical and holistic knowledge and a thorough understanding of the chosen subject – one in which they are working to exceed 7. Prove he/she possesses the appropriate knowledge and understanding beyond the graduate level and has obtained a level of scope and depth beyond what he/she has been taught in the classroom; the Masters Dissertation should prove a student to be an expert in the given fields. DISSERTATION WRITING SERVICE If you are working on a masters dissertation and need help with it, or if you are just planning to start working on it and dont know how to do it,  we are happy to assist. We have provided academic assistance to hundreds of MA/MSc students and have developed expertise in effective dissertation writing. Our writers are experts in what they do. In addition, we will assign your task to the writers with respective background and experience. This will result in your masters dissertations proper language, formatting, recent literature and zero plagiarism. We guarantee that you will enjoy your customer experience at !

The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare Essay Example

The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare Essay Example The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare Paper The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare Paper Essay Topic: Merchant Of Venice Play Shakespeare reveals prejudice of a character with dark complexion with the very first line when the Prince of Morocco entered, Mislike me not for my complexion. We find a contrast amongst the two suitors with the colour of their skin. The Prince of Morocco was dark and the Prince of Arragon was fair. Morocco is both more elaborate and direct than Prince of Arragon and this is shown in the line How shall I know if I choose the right casket. This line shows us that Morocco was well concerned, interested and very curious to win Portia and for this he even asked several questions in order to clear his doubts before choosing the casket. We also see that Morocco prays to god in times of emergency (as he took an oath never to get married again) Some God direct my judgement. Shakespeare reveals the character of Morocco as a confident, self conscious and strong person who is very proud of his colour. The Prince of Morocco meets Portia and tells her that he is often considered very handsome on account of his black skin. He didnt want to be judged by his complexion because he was dark and explains that all the people from Morocco were like that. In those times however a dark person was considered to be the devils accomplice and he didnt want to be misjudged. The Prince of Arragon didnt defend himself in any way even though he was Spanish, as at that time England and Spain were constant enemies and even being an adversary he didnt mention anything. Prince of Moroccos boastful and flattery nature is seen in the lines, I would not change this hue except to steal your thoughts my gentle queen and the best regarded virgins of our clime have lovd it too. This clearly tells us that he is a very haughty and egotistic person. His achievements have been described through his boastfulness especially seen in the lines To try my fortune. By this scimitar that slew the Sophy and a Persian prince. He portrays to be a figure of great dignity, brave and noble even though he may be regarded as rather arrogant to when he uses the occasion in order to declaim his achievements at Portia. He thinks he is very intellectual and has very heroic qualities, which are flawless to marry Portia. He is also very vainglorious and proud and always trying to impress Portia by honorable and devoted marks like, Yea, mock the lion when he roars for prey To win thee, lady. The prince tries to act courageous and tries to influence Portia by his intentions. The Prince of Arragon didnt try to boast about himself but agreed to try his luck at the caskets without further ado. The Prince of Arragon, as his name suggests, is arrogant and proud like the Prince of Morocco. He considered himself to be superior to others as he said, How much low peasantry would then be gleand from the true seed of honour! He is revealed to be egocentric and narcissistic as he rejects the lead casket immediately saying, You shall look fairer, ere. I give or hazard. He felt that lead should look more attractive if anyone must take a risk for it. Both the Princes judged through outward appearances as Arragon said base lead and Morocco said dull lead Both of them made quick rejecting decision for lead. For Morocco lead was threatening and not worth risking anything for. He is attracted by appearances and was adamant not to choose the lead casket as he said, Must give! For what? For lead? Hazard for lead? A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross. This line tells us that he doesnt choose the lead casket and dismisses this subject quickly as he thinks lead has no value, it is a wastage of time and earning jeopardy if thinking or choosing for lead. By this phrase we also come to know that the prince can be imperious and patronizing when the lead topic is discussed. The Prince of Arragon rejects lead because of the ominous warning, who chooseth me shall must give and hazard all he hath. The Prince of Morocco took his time to choose the right casket so as to not making rash decisions as he said, I will survey th inscriptions back again. He also scrutinizes the inscriptions again and again. But when he came to woo her, he wanted to go to the caskets immediately as he was desperately waiting to win Portias hand. But unlike Morocco, Arragon was quick in making judgements. He went astray from the right path as from knowing that appearances are often deceptive he chose with a fond eye. Morocco did not approve of the word deserve in the inscription of the silver casket who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves. He said that he knew that he deserved Portia as he said, I do in birth deserve her, and in fortunes, in graces, and in qualities of breeding; but more than these, in love I do deserve. He didnt want himself to be strayd no further by the inscription of the silver casket as he didnt want to lose Portia. He therefore, spurns the silver, which he feels is too base a metal to hold such a beautiful woman as Portia. He thinks there is a very likely possibility in losing his lady if he chooses the silver casket. He considers himself to be a suitable match for Portia because he is wealthy, he has fine quality, he belongs to a noble family and he has a high position in society. He also tries to boast about his courage in the line to prove whose blood is redder, his or mine . Even after all this effort to win Portias admiration he is deceived by appearances when it comes to choosing the caskets. His choice shows that how he judges by outward appearance, not considering how the contents of the gold casket might not be indicative of its appearance. There is dramatic irony when he says, graved in gold because in the light of the consequences of Moroccos eventual wrong choice he finds that the casket is a grave for it contains a skull. Likely, the Prince of Arragon didnt approve of the word many in the golden casket. He felt the word many would mean the stupid majority of ordinary people who judge simply by appearances, accepting what their foolish eyes tell them instead of trying to see and understand what lies beneath and thinks that gold refers to the foolish populace. He continued saying that people base their judgement and consequent actions on mere surface impressions. The Prince of Arragon uses a very suitable simile to prove his point when he compares them to the martlet (swift) that builds its nest on the outward wall of the building where it may get damaged or destroyed instead of choosing a more sheltered place. Later we realise that this speech is an example of dramatic irony because he too will choose with a fond eye. The Prince of Arragon is a snob smugly self-satisfied in his dismissal of the barbarous multitudes. Both of the suitors were over-confident. According to the Prince of Arragon, there are many suitors who consider themselves honourable and deserving but they do not really deserve the stamp of merit. Arragon clearly believes and said that he was born with the necessary merit to win Portia, and in his view merit and honour only belong to a highly selected few people such as himself. Since he considered himself to be worthy of Portia, he chooses the silver casket and that too an order to a servant to perform the task of actually unlocking the casket, to humble a thing for Arragon to do himself. He was shown to be confident when he said, Bring me the fairest creature northward born. All that he boasted was to show that he is quite capable of achieving anything he desires. His over-confidence is apparent when he says, deliver me the key and chooses the silver casket very sure that Portias portrait was within. He thinks that he is more than worthy enough for Portia and this attitude of his, troops his downfall for it is not the silver casket that holds Portias picture. Shakespeare has given a lengthy speech on each suitor on the casket they were going to choose. The Princes speak in blank verse through their presence, which only changes after both of them reading their scroll. Their reaction after opening the casket is similar as the gold casket contains a carrion Death, within whose empty eye there is a written scroll and the silver casket contains the portrait of a blinking idiot, presenting him a schedule. After the suitor reads the scroll or the schedule, his language starts to be similar with the contents read on as it becomes into a poetic form. Arragon is uncharacteristically struck-dumb by what he finds, a blinking idiot. To late he realises that he really doesnt deserve anything better than a fools head. This is symbolic, for he is an old man and hence is an idiot for thinking himself deserving of a young woman. Whereas Moroccos shocking expression, Oh! Hell! is not a mere expression of extreme annoyance but Morocco knew that if he had to keep the oath, he had to remain unmarried for the rest of his whole life, he faces a kind of living hell, deprived of the woman of his choice and also because he is a man not use to failing. Both of the princes were courteous, affable gentlemen who respected Portia. The Prince of Morocco is brought out to be a sole loser, as his pride disappears when he leaves saying, I have too grievd a heart to take a tedious leave, thus losers part. When he finds his hopes are dead, he welcomes frost and tries to keep up a brave and dignified appearance and we can see a contrast in the manner of his departure to the fanfare of his arrival. The departure of Arragon is similar as he said, Still more fool I appear by the time I linger here. He had come to woo with one fools head but had to go away with two. After reading, I felt sympathy for both the suitors who had come to try their fortune and unfortunately lost. Amongst both the characters, I liked Morocco more because in the way of departure it felt to me that he had come with a true heart for Portias love. I have more sympathy with him as he cannot marry any other woman and will have a life of a living hell as in later life he cannot share his happiness and sorrows with anyone. All the hopes he had come with were destroyed as everyone in his homeland was desperately waiting for their queen as Portia.

Migration and Folk Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Migration and Folk Culture - Essay Example An environmental push factor that constitutes a reason to migrate for me would be the creation of a dump site in or around my location of residence. Dump sites are highly toxic and I would have to relocate to an environment that meets my preferences. Contrary to migration push factors are pull factors (Rubenstein 297). Economically, a better job or pay would constitute a significant reason for me to migrate. A social factor in the same regard would be cultural diversity. I would like to move in a culturally rich place where every single culture is appreciated regardless of its origin. An environmental factor in the same line would be a chance to live in a place that highly seeks to address global warming and climate change in general. That is, a place that would go beyond all odds to make a difference in addressing climate changes. A personal habit that I follow that does not necessarily constitute a popular culture is dressing in the view that I dress like an American. Dressing is not necessarily a custom or culture, but it has encompassed my personal habits in more or less the two aspects. The origin of this habit is America. A custom that I follow is associating the old people with wisdom. Old people may not necessarily be wise, although I have become accustomed to that. Various communities in the world can be associated with this custom although it is not popularly practiced. I also follow the culture of rushing against time. Time is a valuable resource especially in the Western countries, a scenario that does not bypass my attention and practice. Europe and America can be regarded as the origin of this rushing and time keeping

Dollar pegging and curreny basket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dollar pegging and curreny basket - Essay Example As the oil producing countries are getting more capital due to rising oil prices, people have more spending power and the relative commodity prices increase in the domestic economy. Table 1 shows the inflation rates in gulf countries over three different periods: 1980-81 (high inflation), 1986-2003 (low but volatile inflation) and 2006-07 ( current inflation situation). As chart 1 and Table 1 show falling dollar contributes to high oil prices that in turn lead to high inflation. On the other hand when the state of dollar is normal the oil prices remain average and hence the result is low inflation (Garriga and Armesto, â€Å"A Falling Dollar Raises Inflation in the Gulf†). After de-pegging from dollar, new exchange rate was governed by the basket of currencies that helped to stabilize the effect of depreciating dollar on the exchange rate of Kuwaiti Dinar in the world market. Due to this basket of currencies which included a good proportion of Euro allowed checking rising import rates due to depreciation of dollar against Euro. This further helped in controlling inflation which was rising due to increase in imports from European and exports to Asian countries. â€Å"Since 1980 the Bahraini dinar and the Qatar riyal have been pegged to US dollar at the rate of 0.37 per $ and 3.64 per $, respectively. Likewise, since the 1980s the Saudi riyal (1986) and UAE dirham (1981) are fixed at a rate of 3.75 per $ and 3.67 per $, respectively† (Hebous â€Å"On the Monetary Union of the Gulf States†). The exchange rate of a currency is determined by the â€Å"purchasing power parity†. For eg. If 10 gms of 24 carat gold can be bought with 1 USD and same amount of gold can be purchased with 4 Qatar riyal then 1$ equals to 4 Qatar riyal. This is how the exchange rate of every currency is determined in the world market (Saville â€Å"How are currency exchange rates determined†). â€Å"The value of a currency is usually determined by the demand for and supply of that currency.† For

Biology Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Biology - Annotated Bibliography Example australis is the least tolerant of modified environments. Though the study is location-dependent, it still exemplifies a good scientific paper since the researchers were able to explicitly state their aims and their methods of going about their 12- year study. However, since it was indicated that later in the research, a newer technology (GPS) was used, I think that it would be better if the data presentation included the tracked items via GPS. The suggestion would add another dimension (the power of technology) to the research but the lack of it does not alter the completeness of the paper since even a sufficient background information and the significance of the study were provided. Lloyd, K. M., W. G. Lee, and S. Walker. 2006. Takahe Valley Hut: a focal point for weed invasion in an isolated area of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology Vol. 30(3): 371-375. The study aimed to look at back country recreational facilities as focal points for the spread of weeds. The research that was done in Takahe Valley Hut of the Fiordland National Park in New Zealand was able to conclude that grasses are the most invasive plant forms and that among the different types of land areas, bogs and forestly are the most resistant to invasion. The methodology of the study provided site, and climate descriptions, as well as vegetation sampling in the studied area. Moreover, ordination was utilized to analyze the data from the vegetation sampling done. The study is greatly dependent on location; however, this is not the main reason why the paper can not be considered as a good example of scientific writing. The problem lies with the lack of background information regarding the characteristics that make a plant form exotic, invasive and/or native. Though almost everyone may have a sense of what an exotic plant is, the term should contain definite limits because readers should not be left guessing whether the plant is exotic in the world, the whole country of New Zealand or just the southern portion of the said country. The research may be aimed at providing more information for the locals of New Zealand; but this does not mean that the data should be presented in such a way that familiarity is easily assumed and even, at the expense of completeness. ---------------------- Writer's note: the articles are available on-line at: http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje pls note that the capitalized letters in the journal article title indicate proper nouns ---------------------- Johns, P. M., and B. Boag. 2003. The spread and distribution of terrestrial planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) within New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology Vol.27(2): 201-206. Abstract: The New Zealand flatworm, Arthurdendyus triangulatus (formerly Artioposthia triangulata) has become established in the British Isles and the Faroe Islands and its human-mediated spread within Northern Ireland and Scotland is well documented. The geographical distributions within New Zealand of it and two related species, A. australis and A. testacea have always been assumed to reflect the natural distribution patterns. However, an analysis of the vegetation groups where the flatworms are presently found suggests that within New Zealand

Hitler and Big Brother Essay Example for Free

Hitler and Big Brother Essay Some totalitarian regimes can be similar in some ways but also different in others. 1984 is a book that talks about a totalitarian regime that is ruled by big brother. We can find some similarities to this totalitarian regime with the regime of Adolf Hitler. They are both totalitarian regimes that are ruled by different leaders that can convince people to follow them so they can rule a population, and make people to be subordinated to them just by persuading them. So if you look to both totalitarian regimes you can find come similarity in how they ruled the population and what their idea was, but also can find a lot of differences between bot regimes. In the novel of 1984 the author writes about the society under the powerful and omniscient Big Brother. Is an story that show us the dangers of a totalitarian government. So in the book it shows how controlling Big Brother is and also shows that in the future it would be so much more. That means that in the future the danger would be bigger. This is a similarity that Big Brother has with Adolf Hitler; both are very controlling, Hitler controlled and watched all the time the Nazis and the Jews. Both leaders besides being very controller both are obsessed with power. So both leaders needed to have everyone in control of them, because they needed that. Hitler didn’t think twice about his actions, this relates to Big Brother because he was also quick to judge and didn’t give anyone second choice, you were or equal or dead. Influencing people at a young age is one tactic used by Hitler in Nazi Germany and by Big Brother in 1984 to keep the future of their nations devoted. This type of organization makes the young ones feel like they are involved in something important. Both Hitler and Big brother have ways of brain washing the youth mind so they start following them. The spies in 1984 and the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany grow up living the way that their dictator had set up and for the rest of their lives they will be faithful and devoted, and both dictator make them think that that way of living was the only one good for them, so for the rest of their lives they would think that was the only way of living. That is cruel because the youth don’t know what is going to happen, they don’t know if what they are doing is right or wrong. Both leaders chose youth to manipulate because is so much easier, because they still don’t know a lot of things. Hitler killed a lot of Jews during the Holocaust because he had prejudice against them. This can be related to Big brother because he had prejudice against intelligent people, and used a memory ship to erase their memory, that was his way of stopping intelligence people. Maybe this is not a similarity between them both because Big Brother didn’t kill that much people, but both have the same idea, stopping the people they had prejudice. Both leaders also use mass media to create heroic images about them. Hitler create a cult about himself by making he look god-like and infallibles. Both leaders transform their society in their revolutionary ideas using propagandas and techniques. Hitler and Big Brother presented themselves as god-like to gain the people appeal. They both are strong leaders that use their intelligence and their persuasive to play off peoples fear to gain more power.

Indias Economic Engagements with Sub-Saharan Africa

Indias Economic Engagements with Sub-Saharan Africa INTRODUCTION Africa till recent past quite easily qualified for the unceremonious category of â€Å"hopeless continent† that largely failed to provide basic services to their people that have non-existent or fragile government and are subjected to regular outside interference. Decades of impoverishment, factional feuds, power struggles, natural calamities, harsh living conditions and exploitative attitude of global powers ravaged most of the countries of Africa pushing them to bottom of the third world, incapable of sustaining themselves despite enormous wealth of natural resources. A lot has changed recently, wherein democracy has not only found its feet but also, strengthened manifolds leading to economic growth. There has been renewed interest of many powers, world over to engage with Africa as its equal partner, while boundaries of power take a new shape. This has its roots in ever increase in positive narrative of Africa. The history indicate a long and ancient account of indo-African relations[1], with Africa being a host to Indian Diaspora for a reasonably long time. Recent times have witnessed a new set of dynamics emerging in the form of rapid expansion of relations. In 2010/11 Indo-African trade reached USD 45 billion and is expected to grow beyond USD 75 billion by 2015[2]. While carrying out any study on Africa it will be important to understand the human scene with an attention toward a general review of the kinds of peoples and social organisations that are to be found in Africa. In societies, such as those of traditional sub- Saharan Africa, which have a fairly simple socio-economic structure, the various sectors of human life which are organised and from which stem a measure of established authority are more closely interwoven than in more complex societies[3]. Each area of life is more sensitive to change and to influences emanating from every other part. Human life is simpler, because its needs are fewer and the methods of satisfying them are more restricted and more sharply defined. The native Africans need to be contrasted with millions of Europeans, Indians and Syrians apart from sprinkling of people from all over the world. A special character emerges owing to the disparity which has been impacted by outside world on its original form. Hence it becomes imperative that any evaluation of present situation on the continent and particularly any planning for the future, regard the indigenous African and his traditional way of life and thought as a major factor in determining the facts and assessing the probable results of change. While US shifts its focus on Asia-Pacific region, China competes with all emerging powers for energy resources and markets for finished products apart from a big time engagement in infrastructure development. India’s growth, though not as spectacular as China, its capitalist interests are ambitious to extend their commercial reach. The pursuit for economic growth has superseded previous outlook of Indian foreign policy which has provided drive to the commercial ventures in newer avenues. Africa, as portrayed by ex Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as ‘a major growth pole of the world[4]’, can be viewed for new investment sites, export markets and capital accumulation for Indian-based interests[5]. The launch of Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM) as part of its â€Å"Focus Africa† initiative can be regarded as a stepping stone towards upsurge in economic activity[6]. The project initially targeted Ethiopia, Kenya and Mauritius with extension of lines of credit i n support of goods export to these countries. Engagement is the buzz word for today’s world and involves many dimensions, to include politics, trade and commerce, security, infrastructure, capacity and capability building etc. India continues to deploy troops in Peace keeping missions in Sudan as well as Democratic Republic of Congo under UN flag apart from provision of expert advice as part of defence cooperation to many countries such as Nigeria, Zambia, Lesotho and Botswana in development and transformation of their militaries. The western analysts have propounded many theories with respect to nature of Indian engagement with Africa; some see it as a supplier of investment and aid donor whereas others narrate ‘benign and nuanced approach; while it lacks in foreign reserves to compete with Chinese cheque book diplomacy and futility of economic munificence alone. Ian Taylor in his paper titled India’s rise in Africa questions if â€Å"India is a scrambler or a development partner†, a self interested actor bent on exploitation or one that aspires to some level of mutual benefit[7]. Amidst these analyses the most pertinent factor which needs to be seen is how African leaders seek to leverage Indian engagements. Thus politics comes to fore, which has two related dimensions, the competitive pursuit of private interests, and the determination of public policy. Observing the priority of African elites to accelerate efforts to improve the conditions, develop institutions and enabling infrastructure for overall growth, a discussed/researched approach for symbiotic relationship holds the key to any engagement. While addressing its national interests in the area, a holistic study of all possible areas of mutually beneficial engagements will add to focussed betterment of the region at large. The mutually beneficial engagements should allow a lasting impact in polity as well as common public of sub Saharan Africa that their true interests and future lie with India. The skilled yet jobless youth of India can find meaningful engagements in these countries contributing to th eir capacities while earning goodwill, friendship and favourable environment for enhanced engagements. The study seeks to analyse existing engagements of India with sub Saharan Africa in fields like economy, military, education etc. with examination of feasibilities to enhance the same, as the opportunities, which emerge in contemporary times in the backdrop of highly competitive world may not arrive/ relent in times to come. The study has been organised into various chapters as under:- (a)Chapter I: India’s Africa Policy in Contemporary Times. (b)Chapter II: India-Africa Security Cooperation and its Evolution. (c)Chapter III: Economic Situation in Sub Saharan Africa. (d)Chapter IV: India’s Initiatives in Sub Saharan Africa. (e)Chapter V: Indian Diaspora and its Contribution. (f)Chapter VI: Way Ahead. CHAPTER I INDIA’S AFRICA POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES Post independence, seventeen years of Nehruvian era witnessed non-alignment as the corner stone of India’s foreign policy. This was adopted primarily as a visionary policy based on idealism. The geography as well as fragile economic conditions acted as material reasons for following a policy of non alignment, which certain academicians view as a safe path to seek cooperation of big powers and prevent any power bloc from turning hostile, apart from Nehru’s strong conviction against balance of power, military alliances and rush to exhibit military power. India became extremely inward looking during Cold war era as it was marred by its domestic problems. Persistent levels of poverty, rising corruption and poor governance during 1970’s and 1980’s along with tumultuous neighbourhood tied India to sub-regional and national issues, overlooking African Continent as being irrelevant to its National interests. Post cold war the policy mandarins in Delhi were compelled to reshape its foreign policy, taking into account the new impulses of global arena. In addition, India’s growth rates have averaged at around 6% per annum since 1990’s, after taking off in 1980’s[8]. India’s pro-business strategy followed by liberalisation in early 1990’s along with refocus of Indian Companies to fresh markets and investment opportunities in regions having large Indian diasporas resulted in consolidation of old ties. Impressive growth rates allowed India to address its internal problems and fine tune its foreign policy with economic ambitions. After a detailed arrangement to send envoys to sub Saharan countries during 1996-97 as a mark of reaffirmation of India’s assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of south-south partnership[9], the Government of India increased its involvement with African states further in 2003. This was followed with announcement of Indian Development Initiative. India is in drastic need of finding new suppliers of energy and other primary resources. For India to become a global power it must grow above 8 percent annually for at least two decades. The assured availability of energy will be a key factor. India despite its domestic production of oil and natural gas will still incrementally require additional resources of energy. India’s hydrocarbon import dependency has been predicted to rise from current 70 percent to almost 92 percent by 2030[10]. As true to any Nation, the continued growth of India depends on availability of raw materials for industrial production and energy sources to support industries. As per reports till 2009, India imported 70% of its oil requirements and provided heavy subsidies on domestic prices, leading to double digit inflation figures after being under 6%[11] for 13 years. India’s Africa policy has laid emphasis on expansion and diversification of supply sources and to that end Indian national oil co mpanies have purchased equity stakes in overseas oil and gas fields to ensure reserves and provide a boost to production capability. These include fields in Africa, Southeast Asia South, America and Caspian Sea region. Despite these efforts the majority imports arrive from Middle east where Indian companies struggle for direct access or investments[12]. The tilt in relations of immediate neighbours of India towards China, tensions with Pakistan, competition with China and demonstration of African partners as all weather friends during world wide sanctions post nuclear tests were the major motivators for India to reformulate its foreign policy. While India is seeking to be a more dominant power and credibility in global scene, it is increasingly relying on Southern backing. Objectives of Indian National interests appear to be fulfilled through newly identified means of â€Å"Aid†. On one hand India rejected foreign aid from most of its donors in 2003 to draw attention of world order to its self sufficiency in tackling its internal problems of poverty, corruption etc. and on the other hand to reflect its role as a new donor. India initiated its development assistance way beyond its immediate neighbours along with scaling up of diplomatic initiatives within Africa, increasing the number of Indian embassies in the continent. It a lso covered the regional divisions of Africa by creating three joint secretaries[13]. Historical and ideological linkages between India and African countries have been important factor, too.1950s witnessed south-south cooperation as a platform for struggle by former colonies for independence and greater autonomy. Bandung conference of 1955 brought together 29 Asian countries with Africa to promote cultural and economic cooperation in Asian-African region. Mutual interest and respect for national sovereignty was the basis of this conference. NAM came to being in 1961 and Group of 77 in 1964, which were viewed as anti hegemonic. India and China championed these movements and have been in competition to lead the representation of Southern states, since then. While China provided military assistance for liberation movements, India was assisted in anti- apartheid struggles in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Ideals of Mahatma Gandhi were integral to India’s foreign policy, who has been quoted to have said that â€Å"ideas and services will be drivers of commerce between India and Africa unlike Western exploiters busy in trading manufactured goods against raw materials†. This resulted in emergence of India’s philosophy of developmental assistance to Africa which culminated in creation of ITEC programme[14]. This placed training and capacity building ahead of financial assistance. During Delhi declaration of India-Africa Forum Summit in 2008 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, announced that: â€Å"The time has come to create a new architecture for our engagement in the 21st Century. We visualise a partnership that is anchored in the fundamental principles of equality, mutual respect and mutual benefit. Working together, the two billion people of India and Africa can set an example of fruitful cooperation in the developing world†[15]. The Indian policy makers identified the pre conditions of Western donors which was attached for a long time on any aid without aligning it with the aspect of developing the productive ‘supply side’ of economies. A model of developmental assistance with minimal conditions and respect for the national sovereignty worked out by Indian policy makers appeared to be more acceptable and less imposing. A new body for governing India’s outgoing development assistance, called development Partnership Administration (DPA) has been set up under the Economic Relations Division of MEA, which is just short of an â€Å"aid† agency. It is mandated to streamline administrative issues of entire process apart from assessing the effectiveness of credit lines that India is extending to its partners.[16] It primarily allowed African states to set terms of agreement and overall purpose of aid. In 2009, Paul Kagame, president of Rwanda, announced his desire that:- â€Å"All would benefit if the world focused on increasing investment in Africa, and if Rwanda and the rest of the continent worked to establish more equitable international partnerships. A trade relationship built on this new approach would be more helpful in reaching what should be our common goal: sustainable development, mutual prosperity and respect†[17] Value and Sector based distribution of Lines of Credit   Source: Indian Development Cooperation Research at Centre for Policy Research India’s security concerns and contribution into stability of African security are also related issues with an aim to secure its National interests. Owing to deteriorating conditions of piracy at sea on West Africa and existent threat off the coast of African horn, there lies an opportunity to exercise its well espoused maritime doctrine published in 2004 and revised in 2009[18]. India’s experience in UN peace keeping missions especially in Africa has its origin in contributions to ensure stability of the region. There exists a framework for defence cooperation in the form of training teams to evolve better training programmes for the countries it is engaged with. India’s naval presence is largely restricted to anti piracy in the gulf region, but there exists a wider scope for enhanced engagement in operations as well as training with a broader aim of addressing strategically important Indian Ocean rim. Analysis What emerges from the study of evolution of India’s foreign policy with respect to Africa, is that the main drivers of India’s relations with Africa present a tricky mix of strategic, economic and political factors based on national interests of India with complex set of internally diverse actors and historically stated policy of non alignment generally understood as non interference, thus providing enough space for the other partners to have a say in engagements. In effect, India has sought to develop and pursue a strategic partnership simultaneously maintaining bilateral policy objectives. African relations are suggestive of being a conduit to India’s wider international objectives with a focus on improving trade as well as political conditions not only for itself but also developing nations at large employing its economic and political muscle. As part of revisionist approach India has pushed hard for reconfiguration of some of the institutions of global govern ance. African nations have been observed as useful allies in such ventures, as almost all of them have backed India in its bid for permanent seat in UN Security Council. The critics of the subject have highlighted certain specific issues with respect to hidden intent of India, incoherent policies, pitfalls in thought process by way of over reliance on nostalgia of Nehruvian era and over stretched MEA with limited staff to address a huge area and lack of decentralised agency to ensure correct and transparent implementation policies on ground. A relatively ad-hoc system of overseeing various policy issues have led to significant gaps in implementation of identified thematic areas. Though India’s private sector actors drive numerous commerce related agendas, businesses haven’t progressed based on the regional strengths against the backdrop of fragile security conditions. Issues of poor infrastructure, lack of access to finance for small traders and limited logistic support act as impediments that need to be addressed to harness unprecedented opportunities that emerge for Indian companies. The experts also point at pitfalls in public-privat e economic diplomacy approach to Africa largely due to poor coordination, lack of long term vision and enthusiasm to pursue apart from poor market intelligence. Despite provision of Lines of Credit commitments, in consonance with the principle of mutually beneficial development cooperation, engagement on economic affairs also should seek enhanced role and integration of Confederation of Indian industries, with pan-African mechanisms such as NEPAD (The New Partnership for Africa’s Development), AU (African Union) and AfDB (African Development Bank Group). As more and more oil imports are planned from traditional oil producing countries in Africa, security strategies need to be put into place in greater details. Countries like Nigeria which are one amongst the largest oil suppliers to India from Africa face internal as well as external security crisis. While groups like Boko Haram pose threats closer home to various oil producing infrastructure, emerging piracy in the west coast of Africa pose threat at sea. The scrounge of piracy has been addressed in a very limited manner by certain groupings like Economic community of West African States(ECOWAS), India’s capabilities in defence and familiarity with wide ranging security concerns can empower ECOWAS to address insecurity caused by rising piracy on the region. India needs to consider initiating economic diplomatic strategy including maritime defence cooperation and innovative infrastructural financing mechanism aimed to benefit local development in gas and oil producing countrie s in Africa while securing imports that could assist in India’s need for fuel. To sum up the analysis it is felt that India has tremendous potential and value to stimulate development and economic growth across Africa, but it has lacked to articulate a coherent Africa Policy which appeals Africans. In addition, more clarity needs to be brought into the actual agencies dealing with India’s development cooperation to Africa along with a vibrant spokesperson who clarifies any ambiguities which are perceived in daily discourse of business. A greater coordination of Indian private sector with African regional and continental governance frame works rather than bilateral engagements will bring better prospects. [1] Beri R, ‘India’s Africa policy in the post-Cold War era: an assessment’, Strategic Analysis 27: 2, 2003, p 216–32 [2] Noury V, ‘Trade levels grow by 400% in five years’, African Business, Jan. 2012, p. 35. [3] Peter FM Mc Ewwan and Sutcliffe Robert B, ‘The Study of Africa’, p 13. [4] Times of India, 24 May 2011. [5] Agrawal S, Emerging donors in international development assistance: the India case (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, Partnership and Business Development Division, 2007), p.7 [6] Noury Valerie, ‘Trade levels grow by 400% in five years’, African Business, Jan 2012, Issue 382, p. 35. [7] Corkin L and Naidu S, ‘China and India in Africa: an introduction’, Review of African Political Economy 35: 1,2008, pp. 115–116. [8] Jenkins Edwards, 2006:2007 [9] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India#Africa, accessed on 03 Nov 2014. [10] Gupta Ranjit, Special Commentary, India and Gulf: Looking beyond Energy, Islam and the Diaspora, www.ipcs.org, accessed on 03 Nov 2014. [11] Mc Carthy Tom, Assessing China and India’s New Role in Africa, www.e-ir.info /2011/07/26, accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [12] Independent Statistics and Analysis by US Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=in , accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [13] Mc Carthy Tom, Assessing China and India’s New Role in Africa, www.e-ir.info /2011/07/26, accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [14] 50 years of ITEC, www.mea.gov.in / uploads/PublicationDocs/24148_Revised_50yrs_of ITEC_brochure.pdf, accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [15] www.idsa.in, 9 April 2008, accessed on 04 Nov 2014 [16] www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/aid-from-india-coming-to-a-country-near-you/article 3859607.ece , accessed on 04 Nov 2014. [17] www.paulkagame.com/speeches_main_3.php, accessed on 04 Nov 2014 [18] Indian Maritime Doctrine release (release ID: 52223), Indian MoD, 28 August 2009, pib.nic.in /newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52223, accessed 04 Nov 2014 ; News article titled â€Å"Maritime doctrine makes subtle changes in principles of war†, published in THE HINDU, on 30 Aug 2009, accessed on 04 Nov 2014 www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/maritime-doctrine-makes-subtle-changes-in-principle-of-war/article216179.ece